when does mutation have the greatest effect; translation, RNA synthesis, DNA Replication or somatic cell formation?

It depends on the specific cell type that suffers the mutation. For example, in stem cells, it is reasonable to expect that mutations in the genes involved in DNA replication will have critical consequences

Explanation:

A mutation is a genetic modification in the DNA sequence due to errors during the mechanism of DNA replication or by the effects of environmental (mutagenic) factors. A mutation in the germline can be inherited in the next generations, while a mutation in somatic cells is not inherited. Moreover, a mutation affecting RNA synthesis may have diverse effects depending on the function of the gene involved in this mutation. In a similar mode, a mutation in one gene associated with the mechanism of DNA replication can have critical consequences on the cells originated from the mutated parental cell, but again it is variable and generalizations can not be made without knowledge of the cell type suffering this modification.

the relative standard reduction potential of the half-cell in which reduction occurs; more positive than the other half-cell. reduction is a chemical process in which electrons are added to an atom or an ion; it always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent.

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