Q3. In a system with four trophic levels (producers, herbivores, and two levels of predators) exhibiting trophic cascades, what would you expect to happen if a species at the fifth trophic level is added (a predator on the current top predator)

It would be expected that the herbivores will decrease in number and thus, there will be more number of plants present since the herbivores are not feeding on them as frequently as before.

Explanation:

The result of increasing top predators is a decrease in the population of herbivores because that is what the carnivorous predators consume. More number of herbivores will be preyed upon which is why the plant population will thrive.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.