The mechanisms regulating sodium and water balance help maintain blood pressure homeostasis. These mechanisms include the renin-angiotensin II mechanism, neural regulation, and ADH. Match each item to the appropriate category. Keep in mind relationships may be direct or indirect.

Categories:
1. Angiotensin II.
2. Sympathetic Nervous System
3. Both

a. stimulates ADH release
b. stimulates renin release
c. stimuates aldosterone release
d. increases sodium uptake
e. increases water reabsorption
f. stimulates vasoconstriction
g. increases peripheral resistance
h. stimulated by baroreceptors in blood vessels
i. stimulated by low blood pressure or volume

a. stimulates ADH release : 2. Sympathetic Nervous System

b. stimulates renin release : 2. Sympathetic Nervous System

c. stimulates aldosterone release:  3. Both

d. increases sodium uptake : 1. Angiotensin II  

e. increases water reabsorption:  2. Sympathetic Nervous System

f. stimulates vasoconstriction:  1. Angiotensin II.

g. increases peripheral resistance : 1. Angiotensin II.

h. stimulated by baroreceptors in blood vessels:  2. Sympathetic Nervous System

i. stimulated by low blood pressure or volume: 3. Both

Explanation:              

The antidiuretic hormone is one of the hormones released by the hypothalamus (regulator center in the brain) and collected by the posterior hypophysis from where they are then released again to the system.  This hormone, also known as vasopressin hormone, is released by changes in serum osmolarity or blood pressure. The osmotic receptors are located in the hypothalamus, while the pressure receptors are located in the heart, the aorta, and carotids. The amount of hormone secreted depends on these two aspects. Its function is to keep homeostasis and make kidneys conserve or excrete water to regulate its volume. The antidiuretic hormone stimulates water reabsorption when factors such as dehydration or hemorrhages are causing an increase in blood solutes. It might also stimulate water excretion when solutes in the blood are very low or blood pressure is too high.

Aldosterone is another hormone that acts stimulating the sodium ions reabsorption. This hormone production is controlled by a circuit named the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system is activated by the decrease of blood supply to the kidney, and hence, the decrease in blood pressure and sodium concentration. These factors cause the release of the renin, a proteolytic enzyme that acts on angiotensinogen producing angiotensin I which is converted into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a peripheric vasoconstrictor peptide, that can increase the blood pressure when it is circulating in the plasma. It also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone.      

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