What defect of the bony covering of the spinal cord is described by the following: "Spinal cord and spinal meninges are intact, neural arch of L5 and S1 is absent, spine of L5 is absent, median sacral crest associated with S1 is absent; site of defect is covered with skin with a tuft of hair"

9. wind power creates pollution. water air soil noise

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.

The illustration shown is an ovum, a female sex cell. a mutation in this cell may be passed to the woman’s offspring during a) birth. b) mitosis. c) dna replication. d) sexual reproduction