includes all descendants from a single common ancestor. does not share any common ancestry but represents convergent evolution. includes some but not all descendants from a single common ancestor. All of these options are qualities that define

Phylogenetic relationships

1. includes all descendants from a single common ancestor >>> monophyletic group

2. does not share any common ancestry but represents convergent evolution >>> polyphyletic group

3. includes some but not all descendants from a single common ancestor >>> paraphyletic group

Explanation:

A monophyletic taxon is a collection of organisms that have the same most recent common ancestor, thereby including an ancestor and all its descendants. Examples of monophyletic groups are angiosperms, mammals, insects, etc. A paraphyletic group is composed of some (but not all) the descendants of the most recent common ancestor. An example of a paraphyletic group includes fish and lizards. Finally, a polyphyletic taxon is composed of a group of organisms that do not contain the common ancestor of all the members of the group. An example of a polyphyletic group is composed of birds and mammals, (which constitutes a group of warm-blooded animals).

this would be a math