4. Why do we say, "The history of planet Earth is full of change?"

Explanation: The reason why many scientist, and well informed people say "The History of planet earth is full of change", is because that planet earth has colliding continents, and such beings of evolution right now we think we are the only living BEINGS in the universe, so the reason why The history of planet earth is full of change is colliding continents one day New York will be with Europe, and new governments will start forming, and sooner than later humans will start to evolve onto what is "The New world"

trachea, alveoli, lung capillaries, arteries

you didn't give any options but heres what i can tell you: an inference is likely to change based on additional observations. the latter is something that you have seen or sensed using your sensory organs while the former is like a conclusion out from what you have observed.