When creating a data matrix of shared derived traits for constructing a phylogenetic tree, what number of derived traits should the outgroup share with the other species, and why?

during the process of dna replication, brdu can replace thymidine and incorporate into the newly synthesized dna, cell proliferation thus can be reflected in the extent of brdu incorporation.

the answer to your question is tooth decay.

it marks things for degradation via the proteasome. it alters there celluar location.