Flat discs inside chloroplast that are arranged in stacks are called?

Where substance is produced during cellular respiration

Plant species a has a diploid number of 12. plant species b has a diploid number of 16. a new species, c, arises as an allopolyploid from a and b. the diploid number for species c would probably be a) 12. b) 14. c) 16. d) 28. e) 56.

During crossing-over, a. genetic material is exchanged between nonsister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of alleles. b. nonsister chromatids from each homologous chromosome of a tetrad are exchanged, resulting in new combinations of alleles. c. one homologous chromosome of a tetrad is exchanged with another tetrad, resulting in new combinations of alleles. d. sister chromatids from each homologous chromosome of a tetrad are exchanged, resulting in new combinations of alleles. e. genetic material is exchanged between sister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of alleles.