Golgi apparatus, aka Golgi complex or Golgi body, membrane-bound organelle of a eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that are made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids to vesicles for delivery to sertain destinations that the nucleous picks. It is located in the cytoplasm near endoplasmic reticulum and close to the cell nucleus. While many types of cells contain only one or several Golgi apparatus, plant cells can contain hundreds.
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found in all living cells, that perform biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by the codons of messenger RNA and mRNA molecules to form polypeptide chains. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small and large ribosomal subunits. Each subunit consists of one or more ribosomal RNA rRNA molecules and many ribosomal proteins . The ribosomes along with associated molecules aka translational apparatus.
The endoplasmic reticulum is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum , and smooth endoplasmic reticulum . The endoplasmic reticulum is found in most eukaryotic cells and forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae ), and tubular structures in the . The membranes of the endoplamic retiulum are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum is not found in red blood cells, or spermatozoa. It is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.
The two types of ER share many of the same proteins and engage in certain common activities such as synthesis of certain lipids and cholesterol. Different types of cells contain different numbers of the two types of ER depending on the activities of the cell.
The outer face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes but, smooth endoplasmic reticulum has little ribosomes and works in lipid synthesis but not metabolism, the production of steroid hormones, and detoxification,also smooth endoplasmic reticulum is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells.
Lysosome, subcellular organelle that is found in nearly all types of eukaryotic cells and that is responsible for the digestion of macromolecules, old cell parts, and microorganisms. Each lysosome is covered by a membrane that maintains an acidic environment within the interior the proton pump. Lysosomes contain a wide variety of hydrolytic enzymes that can break down macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides. These enzymes only work in the lysosome’s acidic interior; their acid-dependent activity protects the cell from self-degradation in case of lysosomal leakage or rupture, since the pH of the cell is neutral to slightly alkaline. Lysosomes were discovered by Belgian cytologist Christian René de Duve in the 1950s.
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