Which of the following are NOT functions of the spinal cord? Learning (for ex, learning to lift your foot up higher when there is an obstacle in your path)

Reflexes (for ex, pulling your hand away quickly from something burning hot)

Integration (using sensory information to determine motor output)

Ascending and descending sensory and motor tracts

All these options are functions of the spinal cord

Reflexes are not a function of the spinal cord.

Explanation:

The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system and is made up of neurons that go along it (from the end of the brain stem almost to the bottom of the spine).

The spinal cord receives incoming messages from the peripheral nervous system (including the sensory neurons) and pass on messages from the brain to efferent neurons (motor neurons at muscles).

The spinal cord contributes to learning as it passes on the info received from sensory neurons (that there is an obstacle in the path) to the brain and passes on the response from the brain to the muscles (to lift the foot up higher).

The spinal cord is essential for integration as it passes on sensory information  to the brain to determine motor output.

Reflexes are when sensory information is quickly sent straight to motor neurons to move. It does not need to go to the brain (hence does not need to go to the spinal cord) for the reaction as it would be too slow. This is seen when someone who is paraplegic (paralysed at lower torso) can still move their leg in response to the doctor tapping their knee even when they cannot forcibly move their legs.

Therefore reflexes are not a function of the spinal cord.

Protecting neurons in both ascending and descending

Explanation: