2. Fill in the blanks: a The twisted ladder structure of DNA is called
b- The base A binds to the base and the base G binds to the base
is a small segment of a DNA molecule that contains information
needed for building proteins.
d. There are different building block molecules that can be arranged in
different sequences of proteins.
3- Describe how DNA replicates.
4- Define static electricity and current electricity,
5- Fill in the blanks:
- Negative charges and
repel.
b- Negative charges and
attract
c An atom that loses an electron becomes
charged
d- In an atom,
are positively charged, while
are negatively charged.

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein