In E. coli, a cluster of three genes called the lac produce enzymes that break apart lactose. To the side of the genes is a region called the , where RNA polymerase binds, and another region called the , where the lac repressor binds.

Glucose, also called grape sugar, blood sugar or corn sugar, is among the simplest and one of the primary naturally occurring sugars. produced naturally by plants as the primary photosynthesis product, it is heavily used by living beings as a main energy source and is necessary for cellular respiration. chemically, it is a monosaccharide carbohydrate and serves as a building block for complex sugars like starch.

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Centriole.centrioles are present in animal cells but are usually absent in plant cells.