Provide a scientific explanation on how a mutation to the 17th nitrogen base of DNA leads to the formation of sickle cell hemoglobin protein instead of normal hemoglobin protein.

Change in DNA leads to change in the structure of the cell.

Explanation:

Mutation in the 17th nitrogen base of DNA leads to the formation of sickle cell hemoglobin protein instead of normal hemoglobin protein because mutation is the sudden change that occur in the genes of a cell which change the genetic makeup of the cell. So when change occur in the DNA, a sickle cell is formed instead of normal hemoglobin. Normal hemoglobin only formed when the no change occur in the nitrogen base of DNA.

i think the miocene epoch spans the time from 23 million to 12 million years ago.