1. In a signal transduction pathway, fine-tuning of the cellular response occurs in several steps. Which of the following best describes how the response would be affected if the molecular changes that occur during a signal pathway lasted for a prolonged period? A. Inactivation mechanisms would be triggered before the pathway could be completed

B. Receptors would be unable to return to their in active form and respond to new signals.

C. Scaffolding proteins would cause potentially harmful signal amplification in the cytosol.

D. Signaling proteins will be unable to take part in multiple pathways, as specificity is lost

2. Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that activates the receptor proteins to turn on genes that control water and sodium flow in kidney cells. The kidney cells contain receptor cells with mutations. How will this impact the cellular response?

A. The aldosterone signaling molecule will also become mutated.

B. The aldosterone signaling molecule or conform to bind the receptor cells.

C. The downstream components will be altered and ultimately affect blood volume.

D. The downstream components will function as usual even if the receptor protein is not activated.

3. acetylcholine is found in the synapse between the muscle cells and neurons. It can be broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. which of the following describes what happens if acetylcholinesterase is inhibited?

A. acetylcholine will continue to be activated.

B. acetylcholine will be prematurely terminated.

C. acetylcholine will loose specificity of the response.

D. acetylcholine will be inhibited.

4. Our cells have a signaling pathway that begins with an insulin receptor that results in a cellular response to regulate blood glucose levels. Type one diabetes is caused by destruction of beta cells in pancreas that produce insulin. which of the following best explains how insulin injections affect signal transduction an individual with type one diabetes?

A. They allow alternate signal transduction pathways to control glucose levels.

B. They open channels to allow signaling molecules to enter pancreatic cells.

C. They provide a signaling molecule to begin the signal transduction pathway.

D. They serve as second messengers to regulate glucose uptake by cells.

5. Allergic reactions are a result of the production and release of histamines from mast-cell granules. Which of the following best explains a way in which antihistamines may affect signal transduction in an individual.

A. They inhibit cellular response by binding to a mast cell granules and illuminating the production of histamine.

B. They prevent pathway initiation by preventing the signaling molecule from binding to its receptor.

C. They produce a second messenger that interrupts and reverses the direction of the signaling pathway.

D. They reduce the amount of histamine in the bloodstream by binding to and inactivating histamine.

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