How do enzymes affect substrates?

Enzymes promote chemical reactions by bringing substrates together in an optimal orientation, thus creating an ideal chemical environment for the reaction to occur. The enzyme will always return to its original state at the completion of the reaction.

primary succession begins with a bare rock and ends with a forest secondary succession begins after a natural disaster where there is a temporary setback after a forest fire or local destruction, but the surrounding area can fill in

the wires in the toaster turning red and the toast crisping and turning brown