What causes there to be a H+ ion concentration gradient to build up inside the thylakoid space? Check all that apply. a. The electrons provide energy for the H+ pump to transport more H+ ions into the thylakoid space. b. A special enzyme produces more H+ ions. c. Photons of light create more H+ ions. d. The photolysis of water releases H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

a. The electrons provide energy for the H+ pump to transport more H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

d. The photolysis of water releases H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

Explanation:

This question describes the first stage of photosynthesis, which is LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION. The light dependent reactions involve creating ATP (energy carrier) and NADPH (electron carrier) needed for the Calvin cycle (light independent stage) to occur.

The ATP is formed by pumping hydrogen ions (H+) into the thylakoid space/lumen, hence, creating a electrochemical gradient needed for ATP synthase to synthesize ATP. The buildup of H+ ions is caused by:

- The electrons that arise when light photons hit a chlorophyll molecule is used to provide energy for the H+ pump to transport more H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

- The photolysis of water results in the production of electrons (e-) and hydrogen ions (H+). These hydrogen ions are released into the thylakoid space.

hydroxyl -oh

alcohols, always polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o molecules

carboxyl -cooh  

cargoxylic acids, has acidic properties which is a source of hydrogen ions, found in cells in ionized for with a charge of oh-1

carbonyl > co

ketone if within skeleton, aldehyde if group is at the end of skeleton, k & a may be structural isomers, it determines 2 sugars (ketose & aldose)

amino -nh2

amines, acts as a base, it can pick up h+ ions from surrounding solution, ionized with charge of 1+

methyl ch2

addition to rna/dna affects and gene expression

phosphate -opo3 ²⁻

organic phosphates, contributes to negative charge to, molecule that it is a part of, and potential to react with h20

sulfhydryl -sh

thiols, cross-linking stabilize the protein, and it is structure

the answer is true when observing or determining population size, a direct observation is use, in which each organism is counted in a population or in an area. one benefit of this measure is that you get the exact population count but it will take a long time to  determine  the  size  of a  population.