The image below represents a growing polypeptide chain. What does directionality refer to in terms of polypeptides? Label the image below accordingly.

The answer is atmosphere. there are four spheres of the earth: 1. geosphere (from greek word 'geo' = ground), 2. hydrosphere (from greek word 'hydro' = water), 3. biosphere (from greek word 'bio' = life), and 4. atmosphere (from greek word 'atmo' = air). a magnetosphere is a region of space around astronomical objects controlled by the magnetic field of that object. through the process of elimination, since lightning is present in the air, it can be found in the atmosphere.

Mitochondria produce atp, a high energy compound. atp is used for all sorts of enzyme-mediated reactions, such as making proteins/nucleotides/etc, certain compounds cross the cell membrane, muscles move, etc.  without this source of energy, a cell will die. it will not be able to repair itself, defend against pathogens, etc.