The order of the genes on a plant chromosome is A, B, C, where A and B are located 10 cM apart and B and C are located 3 cM apart. What is the probability that the trihybrid ABC/abc will produce any kind of recombinant gamete

Explanation:

Available data:  

The genetic distance = recombination frequency x 100 expressed in map units (MU). One centiMorgan (cM) equals one map unit (MU).

We can use the provided map with the distances between genes to predict the occurrence of any kind of recombinant gamete.  

We know that there is a probability of a simple crossing over to occur between genes A and B, or between genes B and C. And we also know that there is a probability of double crossing-over occurrence.

We can get the probability of the double-crossing over by multiplying the recombination frequencies between A-B and B-C. So,

DCO prob = recombination frequency A-B x recombination frequency B-C

                 = 0.1  x  0.03 = 0.003 = 0.3%

DCO prob = 0.3%

According to this, we would expect to find

Now we need to know what are the probabilities of getting a simple crossing-over, SCO. We already have the genetic distances between genes. 10 cM equals 0.1 of recombination frequency, and 3cM equals 0.03 of recombination frequency. However, we can not estimate the probabilities of simple crossing over using only this information, because this data is including the probabilities of the double crossing-over occurrence. So we need to substrate this percentage.    

SCO prob A-B = 0.1 - 0.003 = 0.097 = 9.7%

SCO prob A-B = 9.7%

we would expect to find

SCO prob B-C = 0.03 - 0.003 = 0.027 = 2.7%

SCO prob B-C = 2.7%

we would expect to find

The total Crossing-over probability, TCO, is then the sum of all the crossing over probabilities,

TCO= SCO A-B + SCO B-C + DCO

TCO prob = 9.7% + 2.7% + 0.3%

TCO = 12.7%

it would be f

explanation:

transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.  

these three stages are:

  initiation: in which   is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

    elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

    termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.