Female cones produce
, which contain an egg.

The pollen grains of other seed plants grow similar tubes. The megasporangia, which contains the eggs, form tiny female strobili on the tips of special branches on the female tree. The microsporangia, which produce the pollen grains, are in male strobili that hang down like little pine cones on the male tree.

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only about ten percent of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to organisms at the next trophic level. the remainder of the energy is used in life processes or lost as heat.