Which type of energy transfer requires particles

If the nucleus of a cell was removed the cell wouldn’t be able to make proteins because

During crossing-over, a. genetic material is exchanged between nonsister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of alleles. b. nonsister chromatids from each homologous chromosome of a tetrad are exchanged, resulting in new combinations of alleles. c. one homologous chromosome of a tetrad is exchanged with another tetrad, resulting in new combinations of alleles. d. sister chromatids from each homologous chromosome of a tetrad are exchanged, resulting in new combinations of alleles. e. genetic material is exchanged between sister chromatids, resulting in new combinations of alleles.

Using the gas pedal analogy explain the impact on the cell cycle of one mutated tumor suppressor gene allele versus two mutated tumor suppressor alleles