Describe the major types of mutations, causes of mutations, and potential consequences.

1. A substitution is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single "chemical letter" such as switching an A to a G). -Insertion

Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA. -2. Deletion

Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted. -3.Frameshift

Since protein-coding DNA is divided into codons three bases long, insertions and deletions can alter a gene so that its message is no longer correctly parsed. These changes are called frameshifts.

Explanation:

the answer for this question would be d. glaciers

1. loamy sand is about 80% sand with 10% clay and defined mostly by sand particles with some clay to provide structure and fertility. the sand particles are easily visible and the soil holds structure but breaks apart easily.

2. scott sand can improve his soil quality by incorporating more silt and organic matter into the soil. peat moss and organic matter can also be incorporated.