How many gene pairs are needed to affect skin color?

 At least four pairs of alleles are involved in skin color, and there are nine (or more) shades of skin color. The bionomial expansion (a + b)6 can also be used to display the cross in Table 1, where the letter a represents the number of capital letters and the letter b represents the number of small case letters.

Explanation:

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the cladogram shown here shows similarities and differences among several classes of vertebrates. anatomically, the four have limb structure as their common ancestor. we might separate the mammals from the other three classes because they a) divergent; do not lay eggs b) identical; are warm-blooded c) varied; a four chambered heart d) homologous; have mammary glands