Where does transcription take place? where does translation take place
which one happens first? ​

In eukaryotes, transcription takes place in the nucleus first, and then translation takes place in the cytoplasm at free and membrane-bound ribosomes.

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation both occur in the cytoplasm and simultaneously.

answer: land bridge theory. land bridge theory held that shifting portions of dry land explained the finding of identical species on different continents. plate tectonic theory eventually eliminated the land bridge theory.

well, that's easy; the answer's c, "it reduces contamination of the water and substrate of the estuary."