How did the scientists confirm that the mammoth sponge had not been discovered before?

your spelling is a little off : ]

these muscles maintain the blood pressure in the vessels. the smooth muscles are innervated by nerves of the autonomic nervous system. when the muscles contract, they cause vasoconstriction of the vessels and increase blood pressure. when the muscles relax, they enable vasodilation of the   blood vessels hence reduce blood pressure.  

lichens that colonize bare rock secrete acids that break down the rock and start the soil-production process. so they expose rocks