Hemophilia became known as the “Royal disease” after it suddenly cropped up in some of the descendents of Great Britain’s Queen Victoria and spread through the royal families of Europe. Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert had 9 children – 5 girls (Beatrice, Victoria, Alice, Helena, and Louise – none of whom were hemophiliacs) and 4 boys (Edward, Alfred and Arthur had normal blood clotting; their son Leopold, however was a hemophiliac). Beatrice married a man named Henry and they had four children (sons Leopold and Maurice who were hemophiliacs, daughter Eugenie who was not a hemophiliac, and another son who was also not a hemophiliac). Eugenie married Alfonso XIII of Spain (non-hemophiliac) and they had 6 children (2 normal sons, 2 normal daughters and 2 hemophiliac sons). One of those normal sons married a non-hemophiliac woman and gave birth to one son – a non-hemophiliac they named Juan Carlos (the reigning King of Spain). Draw your pedigree for Case Study #4

The phlogiston theory in the 17th century attempted to explain burning. the theory stated that combustable objects contained a material called phlogiston, a substance without mass, color, odor, etc. after objects burned, the objects were dephlogistonated and were then in their true form. the phlogiston theory was accepted until the 18th century, when lavoisier proved that combustion requires a gas that has mass. phlogiston is considered a) to be scientific knowledge b) not to be scientific knowledge c) to be proven by scientific method d) to be accepted in the modern scientific community

Mouse liver cells were homogenized and the homogenate subjected to equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation with sucrose gradients. fractions obtained from these gradients were assayed for marker molecules (i.e., molecules that are limited to specific organelles). the results of these assays are shown in the figure. the marker molecules have the following functions: cytochrome oxidase is an enzyme involved in the process by which atp is formed in the complete aerobic degradation of glucose or fatty acids; ribosomal rna forms part of the protein-synthesizing ribosomes; catalase catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; acid phosphatase hydrolysis monophosphoric esters at acid ph; cytidylyltransferase is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis; and amino acid permease aids in transport of amino acids across membranes. a) name the marker molecule and give the number of the fraction that is most enriched for each of the following cell components: lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria; plasma membrane; rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Which muscle is responsible for inhalation ?