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2. How do landforms affect typhoons?

Land masses weaken typhoons, causing them to dissipate if the land mass is large. Typhoons are sustained by deep convection and release of latent heat, and so require warm ocean water to sustain the convection and wind speeds. If a typhoon moves over land, this supply of warm ocean water is cut off, and the typhoon dissipates. If the typhoon makes landfall on a mountainous landmass (e.g. Taiwan), the forced vertical ascent of air due to the mountains can result in huge amounts of rain, maybe several feet in one or two days.

Carbon-14 has a half-life of 5,730 years and most igneous rock is older than that.