I know this inst biology, but I could not find something that fits this category. How can a parasitism, commenalism and mutualism relationship be disrupted by an abiotic factor? For example, how can a fish and a leach be affected by an abiotic factor.

How are gene and protein sequences used to classify organisms?

The model illustrates a process by which a substance is taken up by a cell

Cladistics is a way of classifying organisms by examining the characteristics of their ancestors and descendants and depicting the relationships in a cladogram. which of the following best describes a challenge in classifying organisms this way? a. there are millions of species on earth, and a cladogram is not a practical means for classifying all of them. b. it is impossible to tell which organisms are most closely related to each other using a cladogram. c. cladograms are detail-oriented and do not provide a useful understanding of evolutionary relationships. d. there is a limited number of ways to organize the information, so most cladograms end up looking very similar.