What are the differences between primary and secondary succession

In primary succession, newly exposed or newly formed rock is colonized by living things for the first time and In secondary succession, an area previously occupied by living things is disturbed then recolonized following the disturbance.

micro/nanoscale topography surface exhibits many prominent properties and is extensively employed in biomedical device, microfluidic device and energy device fabrication. additionally, the clinical applications of biomaterials can be largely expanded with of nanostructured surfaces.