Based on the information provided in Figure 2, predict the effect of a constantly active kinase on flavonoid pigment production. In leaves, the PAL enzyme is also required for the production of other pigment molecules that are capable of absorbing UV and other radiation from the sun. Explain how the relationship between light and pigment production might serve as a protective mechanism for the cells of the apple tree. Explain how the PAL enzyme interacts with its substrate in the absence of light.​