The construction of wind farms has affected the migratory patterns of some bird populations. bird populations have been noted to no longer increase and sometimes even decrease in these areas. what is this known as?
a)a density-dependent limiting factor
b)a population-independent factor
c)a density-independent limiting factor

C: Density independent limiting factor

Explanation:

Population limiting factors are biotic or abiotic factors that lower the growth rate of a population and keep it below or around the carrying capacity of the environment.

Limiting factors of population can be grossly categorized into two:

Density dependent factors are those whose effects vary according to the number of individuals in a population. Examples include food availability, disease outbreak, etc

Density independent factors are the population factors whose effects do not not vary with the number of individuals in a population. Examples include natural disasters like earthquake. tornadoes, etc.

In this particular case, the construction of wind farms exerts its effect on the population of birds that migrate into the area. The effect would have remain the same irrespective of the population size of the bird in the area - a clear case of density-independent limiting factor.

The answer is C.

estuaries are the partially enclosed coastal bodies of brackish water formed at the mouth of sea where river meets an ocean. it is a transition zone between river and sea water so estuaries are influenced to both marine environment such as tides, waves and to riverine such as flow of fresh water and sediments. the mixing of sea and fresh water provide high level of nutrients, making estuaries a high product habitats.

many estuaries suffers degradation from a variety of human activities like erosion from deforestation, overgrazing, overfishing, drainage and eutrophication.

so from the above statement answers will be

1. false as estuaries are formed due to both brackish and freshwater.

2.true, due to high productivity estuaries are breeding ground for many marine species.

3. direct and indirect activities of man that contribute to pollution and deposition of sediments.