Explain how Cystic fibrosis individuals have protection against typhoid.

Cystic fibros will be protected from infections. Even though two of it can kill it still will have protection against typhoid.

typhi are free to attack the underlying tissue, which lacks this defense mechanism." Since abnormal CFTR binds poorly to S. typhi, cystic fibrosis gene carriers would be protected from this infectious process and thus spared the high mortality associated with typhoid fever.

The gene mutation that causes cystic fibrosis also appears to protect against infection with typhoid fever bacteria, a study supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has found. The finding could explain why an estimated 12 million people in the United States carry the gene for such a highly fatal childhood disease. Researchers led by Gerald Pier, Ph.D., of Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, report the finding in the May 7, 1998, issue of the journal Nature

1 digestive system

2 stomach

3 bladder

4 carbon deoxide

5 tiger

transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.  

these three stages are:

  initiation: in which   is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

    elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

    termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.