28. what are some possible consequences of a mutation? give a specific example for each consequence you list. 29. you are a scientist using genetic engineering techniques to people who cannot produce an enzyme needed for proper digestion. how could you use genetic engineering techniques to make transformed bacteria that produce that particular enzyme? 30. why is gene regulation necessary in the development of multicellular organisms? give a specific example to support your answer. 31. compare and contrast the information you can learn from a pedigree with the information you can learn from a karyotype. you need to provide at least 3 examples. 32. why might it be beneficial for a prokaryote to have the ability to regulate expression of particular genes, rather than just express all genes all the time?

For prokaryotes, most regulatory proteins are negative and therefore turn genes off. It is beneficial by: Vary the numbers of specific enzymes made (regulation of gene expression) Slow, but can have a dramatic effect on metabolic activity Regulate enzymatic pathways (feedback inhibition, allosteric control) Rapid and can be fine-tuned, but if the enzyme system does not have this level of control, then it is useless Prokaryotes are "simple," single celled organisms, so they have "simple" systems Genes are grouped together based on similar functions into functional units called operons MANY GENES UNDER ONE CONTROL!!! There is one single on/off switch for the genes The gene that contains information for the production for that particular enzyme is cut out from a normal person's DNA using special restriction enzymes, which produces 'sticky ends' on the gene. Next, a plasmid (a small molecule of DNA) is removed from a bacteria and mixed with the above gene in the presence of the same restriction enzyme to allow the human gene to fit into the plasmid. Then, heat / electricity is applied to the bacteria to open up the cell membrane so that the plasmid can enter the bacteria. This genetically modified bacteria, now being able to produce that particular enzyme, may be allowed to reproduce in large numbers for the large-scale production of that enzyme for human use.answer for question 28 
No change occurs in phenotype.
Some mutations don't have any noticeable effect on the phenotype of an organism. This can happen in many situations: perhaps the mutation occurs in a stretch of DNA with no function, or perhaps the mutation occurs in a protein-coding region, but ends up not affecting the amino acid sequence of the protein.Small change occurs in phenotype.
A single mutation caused this cat's ears to curl backwards slightly.Big change occurs in phenotype.
Some really important phenotypic changes, like DDT resistance in insects are sometimes caused by single mutations. A single mutation can also have strong negative effects for the organism. Mutations that cause the death of an organism are called lethals — and it doesn't get more negative than that.
answer for question 29 
 The gene that contains information for the production for that particular enzyme is cut out from a normal person's DNA using special restriction enzymes, which produces 'sticky ends' on the gene. Next, a plasmid (a small molecule of DNA) is removed from a bacteria and mixed with the above gene in the presence of the same restriction enzyme to allow the human gene to fit into the plasmid. Then, heat / electricity is applied to the bacteria to open up the cell membrane so that the plasmid can enter the bacteria. This genetically modified bacteria, now being able to produce that particular enzyme, may be allowed to reproduce in large numbers for the large-scale production of that enzyme for human use.
answer for question 30
Gene regulation is needed in the development of multi-cellular organisms because the complexity of animals and plants depends on a remarkable feature of the genetic control system. Cells have a memory: the genes a cell expresses and the way it behaves depend on the cell's past as well as its present environment.
answer for question 31
Pedigree shows genotypes and phenotypes being passed down by generations. Karyotypes show the chromosomes of an individual person
answer for question 32