Ascientist was observing a population of sea cucumbers in coastal waters. over a 10-day period, she collected the following information about the distribution of the individuals within a 10-meter square plot:

distribution of sea cucumbers within a 10-meter square plot

time of day

average distance between individuals (cm)

midnight

7.0

4 a. m.

7.8

8 a. m.

43.7

noon

172.0

4 p. m.

349.5

8 p. m.

58.9

midnight

7.0

use the data above as a basis as you answer the following questions: (10 points)

(a) identify three biotic or abiotic factors that could cause the sea cucumbers to vary their distance from each other throughout the day.

(b) using one of the factors listed in part (a) as an independent variable, write a hypothesis that proposes how this variable could cause the sea cucumbers to vary their distance from each other.

(c) design a procedure for a controlled experiment to test your hypothesis.

(d) describe the results that would support your proposed hypothesis and the results that would refute your hypothesis.

The collared lizard is a species found in the desert southwest. male collared lizards show considerable color variation, ranging from brightly colored to a very dull pattern. your goal is to determine the function, if any, of male color patterns in collared lizards, using the scientific method. your tentative explanation is that male color plays a role in attracting females for mating purposes. you predict that females will preferentially choose brightly colored males over dull-colored ones. to test this prediction, you observed the interactions of female collared lizards with their male counterparts. you selected males that were the same age and size, and that differed only in their coloration pattern. you placed equal numbers of the two types of male lizards, bright and dull, in aquariums, along with one female lizard per aquarium. out of 350 aquariums observed, the female chose to mate with the brightly colored male 277 times, and the dull-colored male 70 times. in 3 instances, the females did not mate with either type. create a bar graph of your data, plotting the type of male (dull or brightly colored) on the x-axis. on the y-axis, plot the frequency with which each type of male was chosen by females. using this graph, answer the following question(s). is it reasonable to conclude (i.e., is it supported by the data) that female collared lizards prefer more brightly colored male lizards over dull-colored males?

Parasitism could be considered a form of which of these types of relationships? -mutualism -commensalism -predator-prey -mimicry

Aristotle classified animals according to their a. habitat and mating behavior c. mating behavior and relatedness b. habitat and physical differences d. physical differences and mating behavior