What effect does an existing soil presence have on the seral stages of secondary succession and the time it takes to return to the climax community compared to primary succession?

individual oxygen atoms are formed during photosynthesis.-c.

weathering - colorado river carves land in arizona to form the grand canyon. cracks form in a sandstone wall surrounding a house. a marble statue near the science museum is changing color due to rainfall

erosion - after a rainstorm, soil and rock piees litter the roadways. the sand dunes in the sahara desert are changing shape.

here's your answer.