Genetic engineering is the manipulation of genes using cloning and transformation to change the gene structure. genetic engineering has many positive outcomes. these positive outcomes include

Genetic engineering finds its interest in the modification of fruits and vegetables that are difficult to cultivate.

After identifying a salinity resistance gene, the researchers transferred it to a tomato plant and were able to grow it in 200 millimeters of sodium chloride water. The gene encodes a protein that sends the salt into the vacuoles of the cells of the leaves which makes it possible to preserve the natural taste of the fruits.

It's not just animals that have viruses. Plants are also affected, and the fight against this plague is particularly difficult. The technique of genetic transfer is directly inspired by vaccines: the plant is introduced into an attenuated form of the virus that becomes resistant in the event of an attack. Fruits and vegetables, which are particularly susceptible to the virus, are among the most common tests. For example, genetically modified papayas are already marketed in Hawaii.

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interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle