Pioneer species in plant succession arrive at cleared areas to germinate. however, when they grow, the shade they produce makes it impossible for their own seeds to again germinate there because of their shade intolerance. instead other more shade-tolerant species come in, grow, and force out the pioneer species. how do pioneer species ever get their seeds germinate if the parent plants always modify the habitat enough to make it inhospitable?

Next pretest: evolution select the correct answer in a laboratory population of flies, the female flies are gray and the males are yellowish gray. biologists observed that all the male flies had an equal chance for reproduction, but the male flies with the brightest colors were more likely to successfully reproduce. what phenomenon could explain such a change? a sexual selection b. disruptive selection c. stabilizing selection d. directional selection

Which statement correctly describes a way that mutations increase the likelihood that a species will survive in a changing environment

Me with these questions image attached