What term is defined as mathematical equations based on rules of physics

integrated circuit (ic) is defined as a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor material, normally silicon. a functional electronic circuit requires transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc., and the connections between them.

the cladogram shown here shows similarities and differences among several classes of vertebrates. anatomically, the four have limb structure as their common ancestor. we might separate the mammals from the other three classes because they a) divergent; do not lay eggs b) identical; are warm-blooded c) varied; a four chambered heart d) homologous; have mammary glands