Ultraviolet radiation from the sun alters the dna of a skin cell. this skin cell rapidly divides, but the resulting cells no longer function properly as skin cells. even though they do not know what to do, they continue to divide uncontrollably. this is an example of the early stages of

carcinogen

metastasis

cancer

protein synthesis

The diagram shows a fossil of an ancient whale skull and a skull of a present-day whale. the ancient whale is extinct and is believed to be an ancestor of the present-day whale. what do these skulls most likely show that supports darwin’s theory of evolution? all populations can adapt and survive. only some organisms have a common ancestor. populations change slowly over time. populations rapidly become extinct.

Experiments in environmental toxicology can sometimes be manipulative experiments in which the researcher actively chooses and manipulates the independent variable. in hunt's study, for example, dosages of bpa were manipulated and the effects were measured. in manipulative studies, the researcher controls all the other variables in the experiment, so any health effects observed in the test subjects can be attributed to differences in the independent variable. in other cases, researchers use natural experiments in which the dependent variable (typically a measure of organism health) is measured under differing contexts that are not manipulated. say, for example, that an accidental chemical spill contaminates five ponds. to determine the possible effects of the toxic chemical on frogs, a researcher could compare the hatching rate of frog eggs laid in those five ponds to the hatching rate of eggs laid in five uncontaminated ponds nearby. this would be an example of a natural experiment because concentrations of the toxic chemical in the ponds were not controlled by the experimenter, but rather resulted from the chemical spill. drag type of experiment on the left to the example of experiment on the right. blood concentrations of bpa in college students are compared to their recent manipulative consumption of canned food items 2. the feeding behavior of fish in streams that receive acidic runoff from strip mines is compared to the feeding behavior of fish in unaffected streams. the deformity rate in baby birds from nests in pesticide-sprayed fields is compared to the deformity rate in birds from nests in unsprayed fields 4 tumor development is compared in mice exposed to five dosages of a known carcinogen in the laboratory foraging activity levels are compared in tadpoles exposed to four concentrations of toxic metals in the laboratory. growth of corn plants is compared in field plots sprayed with three different dosage: s of weed killer 7 bpa concentrations in the urine of people with diabetes are compared to bpa concentrations in the urine of people without diabetes - natural; manipulative

Put the following processes of protein synthesis in the correct order: - dna strands unwind and separate - mrna copies dna according to complimentary base pairing - trna's anticodons bring amino acids to the corresponding mrna codons - amino acids bind to each other making a protein - mrna leaves the nucleus - a stop codon is reached, the newly formed protein is released to go do its job for the cell