The curve on the left shows the height of a population of penguins . the curve on the right shows the population five years later. what has happened to this population

The type of natural selection demonstrate is B. stabilizing selection.
There are different types of natural selections, each affecting the population density of a specific allele in a different way. In stabilizing selection, the non-extreme trait is maximized. This is seen in the curve as there is less population observed at the extreme ends of the spectrum but a greater population lying in the average, less extreme zone.

Ibelieve the answer is relative humidity  because it makes more sense that way. solar flares usually occur in space it doesn't affect the earth, well it could but it wont make a significant damage.  latitude is land it doesnt do anything. prevailing winds, i dont know the correct meaning for this but i doubt that affects the land so it has to be relative humidity.