When was the mathematical structure of science discovered?

The mathematical structure of science was discovered in the 16th century. There are two characteristics of modern science which make it liable to serendipitous developments: the complex deductive or mathematical structure of scientific theories and the highly cooperative nature of scientific research. Although these two phenomena seem to take place on totally different level which is cognitive and social they can be viewed as serving a common purpose. Complex mathematical theory may yield far reaching predictions of which the scientist proposing the theory cannot be aware at the outset. Similarly a scientist proposing the theory cannot know in advance how the theory will be interpreted or exploited by other scientists and in what direction the theory will be developed an modified by the collaborator or by successors after a theory or an idea appears in the public arena it has a life of its own and does not remain any more under the control of its originator. 

  a. chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set