How do bats use sound?

The study of interaction between living organisms and their enviroment is called (a) phytogeography (b) ecology (c) phytosociology (d) ecosystem

The phylogenetic tree illustrates the relationship between humans and our closest living relatives. the tree was based on biochemical comparisons, including dna and amino acid sequences. according to the biomolecular data, we could infer that a) the four organisms do not have a common ancestor. b) humans are more closely related to chimps than any other apes. c) chimps are more closely related to gorillas than they are to humans. eliminate d) there is no evidence if any relationship between the four branches on the tree.

How would you describe the the organisms in the second row of model 1 that are connected to the parents by a line