Earth is composed of four open systems that work together—the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the biosphere, and the geosphere. The atmosphere refers to all air around you as well as the air that extends from the surface of the Earth into space. The hydrosphere refers to Earth’s water; this includes oceans, lakes, glaciers, rivers, streams, and groundwater. The biosphere refers to all organisms on Earth, whether they live in air, on land, or in water. The geosphere refers to the Earth’s interior, rocks, minerals, landforms, and processes that shape the Earth’s surface. Carbon is one of the six elements that are common to all living things. It is the basis for all life on Earth. Carbon moves thr

many other transport proteins, often called pumps, move materials against a concentration gradient. active transport drives molecules across a membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. this process, shown in figure 5.1, uses transport proteins powered by chemi- cal energy.

the "power" of a lens is its resolution power, or its ability to distinguish between to closely located points. with the low power lens, it is likely you will see the rough form of the hay and maybe some movement of dots around the hay. however, when observed with the high power lens, the detailed features of the hay become visible and the microbes being grown are more clearly visible.

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phaneritic textures in which phaner means visible so phaneritic textures are standard of impertinent volcanic rocks. these rocks crystallized gradually under the surface of earth. when the magma cools deliberately then the ores have chance to develop and produce long crystals.