Hemophiliacs have blood that does not coagulate well, and they often die at a young age. The disease allele is recessive and X-linked. The normal allele (N) is completely dominant over the disease allele (n). If a hemophiliac woman and a non-hemophiliac (normal) man have children, what percentage of their sons would be expected to have the disease? What percentage of their daughters would be expected to have the disease?

each of the 46 original chromosomes splits into two daughter chromosomes, so there are two sets of 46 daughter chromosomes that end up in each cell. human cells have 46 chromosomes. each chromosome consists of a pair of identical chromatids attached together by a structure called a centromere.

it's c. (to reduce the greenhouse effect/carbon gasses)

not necessarily. higher fitness requires the organism to be reproductive successful. for example, an organism at age 10 with 15 offspring is much more fit than an organism at age 15 with only 5 offspring.