2. How do cells transform energy from food in the absence of oxygen?

If oxygen is not present, cells must transform pyruvate to regenerate NAD+ in order to continue making ATP. Two different pathways accomplish this with rather famous products: lactic acid and ethyl alcohol (Figure above). Making ATP in the absence of oxygen by glycolysis alone is known as fermentatioN.

Explanation:

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i'm thinking (a) to keep sand in place; ////////////

explanation: a sand fence or sandbreak, like a snow fence, is used to force windblown, drifting sand to accumulate in a desired place. sand fences are employed to control erosion, sand dune stabilization, keep sand off roadways, and to recruit new material in desert areas.