Certain arctic fish, such as winter flounder, survive by producing a protein that keeps their body fluids from freezing down to -1.5 degrees centigrade. This antifreeze protein, or AFP, works by binding to ice crystals, preventing them from growing. AFP is produced in the fishes' livers following directions encoded in the DNA of one gene. Scientists placed the AFP gene found in flounder into tomatoes, what purpose do you think this genetic modification serves? Fully explain and discuss your thoughts.

Mouse liver cells were homogenized and the homogenate subjected to equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation with sucrose gradients. fractions obtained from these gradients were assayed for marker molecules (i.e., molecules that are limited to specific organelles). the results of these assays are shown in the figure. the marker molecules have the following functions: cytochrome oxidase is an enzyme involved in the process by which atp is formed in the complete aerobic degradation of glucose or fatty acids; ribosomal rna forms part of the protein-synthesizing ribosomes; catalase catalyzes decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; acid phosphatase hydrolysis monophosphoric esters at acid ph; cytidylyltransferase is involved in phospholipid biosynthesis; and amino acid permease aids in transport of amino acids across membranes. a) name the marker molecule and give the number of the fraction that is most enriched for each of the following cell components: lysosomes; peroxisomes; mitochondria; plasma membrane; rough endoplasmic reticulum; smooth endoplasmic reticulum.