How does the symbiotic relationship between the fungi and algae (or cyanobacteria) in lichen make it an ideal pioneer species when no soil remains in an ecosystem?

For a comparative or experimental investigation, scientists often make a testable about a scientific question, and then they test it in the investigation. a.control b.hypothesis c.procedure d.system

Humans are believed to have evolved in coastal regions in east africa. the region had an abundant supply of fish for early humanoids to eat. when scientists analyze the fads gene they see an interesting pattern. people whose families have lived in this area of east africa for generation show a high level of diversity in alleles for the fads gene. conversely, people whose families had migrated inland a moderate distance from sources of fish showed a much lower diversity for fads gene alleles. additionally, the fads alleles found in people whose family has lived inland for generation are almost all gene alleles which produce fads proteins with a high level of function and activity. how do anthropologists explain this?

Apair of fruit flies reproduces and has 1,000 offspring. all 1,000 of the offspring have the alleles gg. what is the most likely combination of alleles for each parent