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Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.

1. this system transports blood through the body and heart. 2. this system relates to the process by which an organism gets rid of its waste. 3.this system is responsible for movement of bones and fluids throughout the body. 4. this system receives and transmits information and responses. it depends upon electrical impulses created by the movement of charged particles. 5. this system relates to the process by which an organism replicates. sexually reproduction usually involves male cells (sperm) meeting female cells (eggs) to produce a fertilized egg or zygote. 6. this system gets oxygen to the cells of the body and rids the body of waste gases. some organisms use their skin. this is also a cell-level process. 7. this system relates to the structure and support of an organism. it is made of salts and proteins and found in vertebrate animals. 8. this is the system of organs which circulate blood around the body of most animals. 9. this system controls the glands that secrete hormones. 10. this organ system to protect the body from damage. itembank : system circulatory digestive system endocrine system excretory integumentary system muscular system nervous system reproductive system respiratory system skeletal system cardiovascular system

Red–green color blindness is an x-linked recessive trait in humans. polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) is an autosomal dominant trait. martha has normal fingers and toes and normal color vision. her mother is normal in all respects, but her father is color blind and polydactylous. bill is color blind and polydactylous. his mother has normal color vision and normal fingers and toes. if bill and martha marry, what proportions of children with specific phenotypes would they be expected to produce? the answers only include the proportions of some of the possible phenotypes; other phenotypes are also expected to occur but are not included.