A slab of bare rock is covered with lichens. In time, mosses cover the rock, followed by grasses, and finally by small shrubs and tree saplings. In this example, the lichens represent a. pioneer organisms

b. secondary consumers

c. a climax community

d. a dominant species​

pioneer organisms

Explanation: they were present as the environment developed

kelp are large brown algae that live in cool, relatively shallow waters close to the shore. they grow in dense groupings much like a forest on land. these underwater towers of kelp provide food and shelter for thousands of fish, invertebrates, and marine mammal species.

e) all of the above