In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, initiation of translation usually a. begins immediately upstream of a Shine-Dalgarno sequence.
b. requires the action of release factors, which cause the small and large subunits of a ribosome to associate with one another.
c. requires the action of initiation factors.
d. begins at a UAG codon downstream of the 5’ UTR of an mRNA molecule.
e. begins only after ubiquitin has been added to the mRNA molecule to be translated.

c. requires the action of initiation factors.

Explanation:

Transcription is the process by which a fragment of DNA (e.g., a gene) is used as a template to create a complementary RNA molecule, usually a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule which is then used to synthesize a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) in the ribosomes by a process called translation. Initiation factors are proteins capable of binding the ribosome in order to promote (or prevent) the initiation of translation. In prokaryotic cells, the initiation factors IF1, IF2 and IF3 (IFs) are required for the selection and the quantity of the protein produced. In eukaryotic cells, translation initiation occurs when an initiator tRNA, 40S, and 60S ribosomal subunits are assembled by eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) into an 80S ribosome on the initiation codon of an mRNA. In eukaryotes, translation initiation is promoted and regulated by at least twelve eIFs (e.g., eIF1, eIF1A, eIF2, eIF3, eIF4, eIF5, eIF5A, eIF5B, etc) which are composed of many polypeptides.

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picture a world where computers are building made-to-order personalized robotic arms and synthetic organs, drones are circulating above mars! due to the rapid growth of technology, the future has never been more unpredictable, and it presents a huge challenge in education: we are teaching students how to work in a future that we have never been unsure of. it is widely predicted that in eight years’ time, there will be more jobs in the fields of science, mathematics, technology and engineering than in any other discipline. and, as the technology continues to develop, it will soon become clear that addressing social problems will involve more innovative thinking, and analytical and technical knowledge than ever before. undeniably, there are no subjects that encourage innovative and creative thinking, deep thought, problem solving and independence more than the stem subjects. while it is widely commented on that there is a need to reimagine the ways stem subjects are taught in schools by embracing a more interactive and innovative approach to appeal to more students, it should come as no surprise that some of the most reputable educational organizations in the world are already implementing changes to embrace stem. harvard, for example, announced in 2014 that they were increasing their computer science faculty by over 50% and has since introduced computer science as a core subject for all freshmen. the urgency of supporting stem subjects at a young age is becoming more relevant than ever, as adopting a keen interest in the curricula needs to happen early. however, beyond the age issue is one of gender.

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