Which of the following is an example of a density-independent limiting factor? Select one:
O a. a decrease in prey
b. a food shortage
O c. a natural disaster
d. a parasite

c. a natural disaster

Explanation:

A limiting factor in an ecosystem can either be density dependent or density independent. A density independent limiting factor is that which does not rely on the density of a population to affect it's size.

A density independent factor affects the population size irrespective of how densely populated the population is. Examples of density independent limiting factors that can affect a population are natural disasters like fire outbreak, hurricane, earthquake etc.

label a cell membrane

label b cytoplasm

label c ribosomes

label d dna

the membrane forms the outside of the cell

cytoplasm is the liquid within

ribosomes are the components within that distribute rna

the dna is the genetic make-up

c. earths continental crust is thicker than its lithosphere.

because, the lithosphere is the outermost layer of the earth/ 100 km thick and is defined by its machanical properties.the lithosphere contains oceanic and continental crust that varies in age and thickness across locations and geologic time. the lithosphere is the coolest layer of the earth in terms of temperature. the term lithosphere should not be confused with the use of "geosphere" which is used to indicate all of earth systems, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere   and biosphere. the surface of the earth can be divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust.   the continental crust is made mostly of granite while the oceanic crust is made of basalt. the average thickness of the continental crust is 25 miles and the average thickness of the oceanic crust is 5 miles.   three types of rock, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic, make up the surface of the earth. that's why 3 option is preferable.